Children’s hospitals have historically shared a strategic model with three key elements: significant investment in specialized capabilities and pediatric subspecialty physician capacity, expansion of the pediatric footprint across nearby regions, and partnerships with nearby adult health systems (directed particularly at neonatal care and births). Building scale in this way has enabled the hospitals to better serve the needs of children in their extended communities. Indeed, this “Switzerland model” has made most children’s hospitals the center of large pediatric networks and enabled them to grow successfully, and has allowed many to remain freestanding entities in a world of broader provider market consolidation.
Several trends, however, are changing the equation for children’s hospitals and create a new set of questions for them. For example:
- Will the historical acute care-focused, subspecialty approach to scale be sufficient to allow children’s hospitals to thrive in the future?
- Given market pressures, how will children’s hospitals be able to sustain or build the financial engines and investment capacity needed to continue to execute on their missions?
- How can children’s hospitals more effectively create the scale required to build distinctive clinical programs, manage populations, and generate cutting-edge research?
- How should children’s hospitals think about the changing nature of partnership and its role in protecting and sustaining their mission to deliver the highest-quality care for children?
In this paper, we discuss why scale is becoming increasingly important for children’s hospitals, outline the four areas where scale is becoming especially critical, and explain how (and why) children’s hospitals should develop their approach to scale in the context of their strategic aspirations.
The growing scale imperative
Until comparatively recently, children’s hospitals have been insulated from many of the market forces shaping provider economics in the United States—in part because pediatric care represents a low portion of overall healthcare spending, but also because payors and communities tend to resist restrictions on care for children. Several trends, however, are challenging the growth and margin picture for children’s hospitals, raising concerns about their ability to fund the components of their mission that are critical for children’s health but do not necessarily generate margin (e.g., clinical programs development, research, teaching). In some cases, these trends may require children’s hospitals to rethink their independence. The trends include factors that could constrain growth in certain markets or that could increase pressure on reimbursement rates or consumers’ willingness to pay.
Declining birth rate. General fertility rates in the United States have decreased to 62 births per 1,000 women aged 15 to 44 years—the lowest rate since the measure began being tracked in 1909.1 The decrease is partly due to the rise in the average age at first birth.2 As a result, the pediatric population in some markets is not increasing, constraining growth for local children’s hospitals.
Continued competition from adult hospitals for high-margin neonatal and pediatric services. Despite declining birth rates, the build-out of high-acuity neonatal and pediatric capacity, particularly neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), has persisted in many markets. In California, for example, the number of licensed NICU beds increased by about 30% between 2004 and 2014, even though the total number of in-hospital live births decreased slightly (by less than 1%) during that time.3 Furthermore, some adult hospitals are developing subspecialty pediatric capabilities.
Pressure on Medicaid funding. The new administration has indicated a desire to “maximize flexibility for States in administering Medicaid, to enable States to experiment with innovative methods to deliver healthcare to our low-income citizens.”4 Changes to overall Medicaid funding (e.g., through repeal or revision of certain ACA provisions and/or the use of per capita caps or block grants) could reverse the membership gains that resulted from expansion and squeeze the money remaining for original enrollees. The resulting pressure on state budgets could limit reimbursement to Medicaid providers, including children’s hospitals.
Narrow networks and tiering of health insurance plans. The McKinsey Center for U.S. Health System Reform estimates that only 23% of the ultra-narrow network plans and 61% of the narrow network plans offered on the 2017 public exchanges include access to a children’s hospital (typically, because of the hospitals’ high cost).5 To date, access restrictions have largely been limited to on-exchange plans, which cover a relatively small number of pediatric lives. Although no commercial payors have announced plans to exclude children’s hospitals from the networks in their group insurance plans, some of them may view the exchanges as testing grounds for new product designs that could eventually be used in group insurance plans.
Rise of consumerism in children’s healthcare. Parents now, more than ever, can exercise choice in healthcare and “shop” around for what they value most. Easier access to information on care quality and outcomes achieved is empowering families to make informed healthcare decisions and accept trade-offs among product features, sites of care, and treatment options. Staying ahead of consumer pressure requires innovation in services and outreach.
These trends could make growth more difficult for many traditional acute care-focused children’s hospitals and reduce overall clinical margin. The margin pressure often translates to pressure on funding for clinical program development, innovation, research, population health management capabilities, and other priorities. The conclusion seems clear: children’s hospitals, in the near term, should consider how they can build more efficient types of scale (from both a financial and quality perspective) to ensure future sustainability and impact.
Developing a scale strategy
For children’s hospitals, developing a scale strategy requires them to identify their aspirations for the future, consider the various types of scale that could potentially allow them to achieve those aspirations, and then determine what type of scale will add the most organizational value.
Identifying aspirations for the future
In setting aspirations, a children’s hospital should first decide how and where it intends to focus its impact on children’s health. A spectrum of options in three categories can be considered (Exhibit 1):
Integrated community pediatric health system: a community-focused hospital that advances children’s health by creating an integrated delivery network designed to improve both outcomes and the patient experience. This type of system focuses on a well-defined, often small geographic area, and puts its emphasis on its clinical and population health capabilities (typically, not on research and teaching). In many cases, it also emphasizes operational efficiency to support the delivery of affordable care to the local population.
Regional player with research and high-acuity focus: a research-focused hospital designed to serve a larger but still discrete geographic region. This type of children’s hospital emphasizes not only its clinical and population health capabilities but also its academic prowess and research affiliations to encourage innovation and discovery in key clinical areas.
National/international player with academic focus: an academic, research-focused hospital that serves its local market but also offers specialized care to high-need patient populations nationally or globally. This type of hospital often drives leading-edge innovations in a number of diverse clinical areas.
For a children’s hospital that has not yet established itself in any of the above categories, it is important to affirm an overall direction before considering questions related to scale, given the significant differences in focus and priorities among the categories. Having clarity of direction is a prerequisite to defining the strategies, investments, capabilities, and scale required to be successful. For a children’s hospital that has already established its position in the market, aspiration setting should focus on how it can better differentiate itself from other children’s hospitals or adult systems serving the same regional patient population or offering the same clinical programs.
In all cases, aspirations should be based on a medium-term time frame (e.g., five to ten years) and an honest internal assessment of the hospital’s starting capabilities and financial position. In addition, the hospital must consider what additional capabilities it will need to achieve its aspirations and whether it can afford to acquire those capabilities. These factors—the approach selected, points of differentiation, capabilities required, and financial position—should then inform decisions about the type and amount of scale required.
Considering the types of scale
For all health systems, including children’s hospitals, scale can mean a number of things—from the minimum patient volume required to access traditional economies of scale and drive margin (e.g., efficient administrative infrastructure) to the minimum viable scale for effectively managing payor risk for a population.6 Again, there is no single right answer; different aspirations require different types and degrees of scale. In all cases, however, the type of scale should enable children’s hospitals to improve their financial efficiency (or risk mitigation) while also ensuring high-quality care.
Scale can be sought in four areas: clinical programs, population health, research, and nonclinical operations. In each case, achieving scale can deliver significant benefits (Exhibit 2).
However, building scale in any of the four areas (the choice depends on each facility’s aspirations) can help children’s hospitals achieve the level of operational and infrastructure efficiency needed to help offset the impact of today’s major market pressures.
Matching scale to aspirations
Once a children’s hospital has determined its strategic path, it must decide the type(s) of scale it will need to achieve its aspirations and then assess the investments, capabilities, and time needed to build scale in those areas (Exhibit 3). Depending on a hospital’s starting point and aspirations, it might decide to put primary focus on one or two of these areas (the different types of children’s hospital require different areas of emphasis from scale).
In most instances, however, clinical scale is necessary to generate both the quality and financial outcomes that will enable the hospital to pursue other capabilities and missions. For an integrated community pediatric system, clinical scale might entail not only sufficient inpatient volume to deliver high-quality acute care programs but also sufficient overall number of covered lives to take on risk-based arrangements with payors. National/international players that also have a focus on population health will need scale in all areas (e.g., they may need to acquire additional outpatient volume to ensure that they can develop the level of expertise in population health that they already have in acute care). For all children’s hospitals, greater clinical scale can support a virtuous circle: the additional revenue it brings in can enable the hospitals to invest in new capabilities, which would then allow them to increase the efficiency of their operations, permitting them to provide specialized care to more children.
After the hospital has determined its strategic aspirations and the types of scale required to succeed, further analysis is required to identify the ways in which the needed scale can be built. For example, clinical scale could be derived from additional strategic partnerships, a new comprehensive organic growth strategy, or more targeted service line-focused growth initiatives. Accurately identifying the gap between the needed scale and the hospital’s starting position makes possible a realistic discussion about how scale can be obtained, especially whether it will be feasible to build that scale internally or whether external partners will be required. For example, a hospital that wants to pursue a regional research and high-acuity model but does not yet have a robust research program needs to investigate the factors underlying the difference between the program’s current and aspirational performance. It could have resulted from a variety of causes, including a lack of funding (from the hospital or external sources), a limited number of patients with rare conditions, or the absence of a critical mass of researchers, especially those with the multidisciplinary expertise needed to address increasingly complex research questions. Understanding the specific cause can allow a children’s hospital to make a fact-based assessment of its options for filling gaps and achieving the required scale.
Building scale through a “New Switzerland” model
Achieving the level of scale that will allow children’s hospitals to continue to compete effectively and execute their multipart mission may require considerable investment. Given their different financial positions, some children’s hospitals will find this investment more difficult than others. Furthermore, all children’s hospitals will need stronger linkages with other players in the healthcare ecosystem if they are to succeed in the future. In short, children’s hospitals need an enhanced Switzerland model that gives them additional, tighter structural relationships. This new model can provide a number of benefits, including greater consolidation of patient volume to improve care quality, pooling of resources to reduce duplication, and the ability to invest and take on risk in population management initiatives.
Several examples of the new Switzerland model are present in the market today, including:
Nationwide Children’s Hospital and University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children’s: In 2015, these institutions partnered to form the Congenital Heart Collaborative so they could establish a combined, stronger heart program at both hospitals.7
Phoenix Children’s Hospital and St. Joseph’s Pediatric Hospital: In 2011, these organizations combined operations under a joint venture model. As a single operating entity, they have avoided the need to build new in-market facilities (as they had been planning to do) by taking advantage of unutilized capacity at both sites.8
Children’s Hospital (Omaha) and University of Nebraska College of Medicine: In this case, both the hospital and the university’s faculty practice had their own specialty pediatric physician groups. In 2007, these groups were merged into a children’s-focused multispecialty group. Combining the physician groups made it easier to increase the faculty size, providing the support needed to launch new pediatric services and training programs.9
Today, almost all children’s hospitals are aspiring to build, or to deliver more impact from, their clinical programs, population health efforts, and research and operational enterprises. New partnerships can help them do this by enhancing both the pace of progress and return on investment. A variety of partners can be considered, including local, regional, national, and international options. The choice should depend on a hospital’s aspiration and the gap(s) it needs to fill to ensure that the partnership achieves the required scale and performance improvements.
Children’s hospitals that have already gained clinical scale in their local markets can consider whether it makes sense to partner super-regionally with out-of-market children’s hospitals, adult health systems that have a large pediatric care presence in adjacent markets, or other nontraditional partners. Increased collaboration with children’s hospitals in other markets or regions might be especially attractive because it would maintain the primacy of pediatrics as a specialty in a way that partnering with organizations that view children’s healthcare as only a component of their missions cannot.
Once a children’s hospital has winnowed its possibilities down to a short list, it must prioritize its potential partners based on a range of quantitative and qualitative factors. For example, the hospital should determine which of the partnerships would achieve the greatest impact through consolidation of clinical programs, given the other pediatric and adult health systems in its market. It is also crucial that it assess its broader structural alignment and cultural fit with each potential partner, since they are the key drivers of a partnership’s ultimate success.
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Several trends make it necessary that children’s hospitals develop a more efficient level of scale to achieve their missions. These hospitals should evaluate what their needs are and determine whether enhanced structural partnerships could help them fulfill their strategic aspirations.
If a preferred partner is identified, a number of steps can be taken to ensure that the partnership is developed in a thoughtful way. To accomplish this, a children’s hospital should ask itself the questions listed in the sidebar on page 8. The answers to these questions should then be compared against a go-it-alone scenario to ensure that the right decisions are made.
The authors would like to thank Ankit Modi for his contributions to this article.